FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS AND MACHINERY

Learning Objectives

• Physics

  The student is required to achieve the following educational objectives:
  - knowing how to properly apply the notions concerning physical quantities and dimensional analysis;
  - knowing how to apply vector calculus in solving physical problems of the surrounding world;
  - know how to solve problems relating to kinematics, static and dynamic problems of the material point and the rigid body;
  - know how to apply the knowledge of fluid statics and fluid dynamics to real problems;
  - know how to apply the knowledge of optics to real problems;
  - know how to apply the fundamental concepts related to electromagnetism

• Mechanics and Machinery

  To give the students the basic knowledge of applied mechanics and of the main machinery present in the agro industrial sector, useful for a proper management of the processes. To emphasize the engineering approach to the discipline, accustoming the students towards a critical evaluation of the numerical results. At the end of the course students will know the essential parameters (power, efficiency, elements for designing) of the main machines of interest in the agri-food sector (heat exchangers, pumps, refrigeration machines, internal combustion engines), as well as the main basic processes for the continuation of studies in the field of food technologies (heat transmission, thermodynamics of ideal gases, moist air thermodynamics).

Course Structure

• Physics

  Lectures with classroom exercises

• Mechanics and Machinery

  The teaching (6 CFU) includes 28 hours of lectures and 28 hours of other activities, mainly guided numerical exercises for solving problems of practical interest for the profession of food technologist. PowerPoint presentations are mainly used to conduct lessons and exercises. If teaching is given in a mixed formula or remotely, necessary changes may be introduced to what was previously stated in order to comply with the provided and reported syllabus. Learning assessment may also be carried out on line, should the conditions require it.

Detailed Course Content

• Physics

  1. Introduction
  State of a physical system and physically significant quantities - Units of measurement - Dimensional equations
  2-Vector calculus
  Reference systems and coordinate system; Vectors as geometric entities; Vectors in physics and their use in physical space
  two-dimensional and three-dimensional; Vector quantities and scalar quantities; The vectors in the plane and their decomposition by components; Versors; Sum between vectors; Scalar product and vector product between vectors; Multiplication of a scalar by a vector; Applications

  3 - Mechanics
  Description of the motion of a body - Reference systems - Principle of inertia - Second law of dynamics - Third law of dynamics - Momentum conservation - Fields of force - Work of a force - Kinetic energy theorem - Conservative fields - Potential - Conservation of mechanical energy - Moment of forces - Preservation of the moment angular.

  
  4 - Mechanics of fluids
  Properties of fluids - Statics of fluids: laws of Pascal, Stevin and Archimedes - Ideal fluids and Bernoulli theorem - Laminar motion of a viscous fluid : Poiseuille's law - Turbulent Flow - Sedimentation - Surface phenomena: Laplace's law and capillarity phenomena.

  
  5 - Electromagnetic phenomena
  Electric charges and Coulomb's law; Electric fields and sources of the electric field; Gauss's law; Electric potential and potential energy; Capacitance and capacitors; Current and Ohm's laws;
  Magnetic fields and sources; Time-varying magnetic fields; Introduction to Maxwell's Laws; Electromagnetic waves and properties; Applications

  
  6 - Wave phenomena
  Free mechanical oscillations - Energy of a harmonic oscillator - Progressive harmonic waves - Longitudinal and transverse waves - Planes and spherical waves - monochromatic Waves - Fourier analysis - Doppler effect - Huygens principle - Sound and its characteristics - Physics of the ear - Ultrasound.

  
  7- Elements of optics
  Reflection and refraction - Snell's law - Approximation of geometric optics - Spherical diopter - Thin lenses - Geometric construction of images - Microscope - Physical optics - Coherent sources - Interference - Diffraction - Diffraction grating - Resolving power of an optical instrument - Polarization.

• Mechanics and Machinery

  Fundamentals of mechanics: International System of Units (SI); forces applied to the machines; mechanical work; friction: sources and remedies; efficiency; basics on power transmission systems.

  Applied thermodynamics (thermodynamic system, first and second law of thermodynamic, thermodynamic diagrams); heat transmission in steady state condition (conduction, convection, radiation); gases and vapours (quality, use of table of water vapour); moist air properties (humidity, enthalpy, psychrometric charts).

  Basic machinery in agro industrial plants: heat exchanger (equi- and counter-flow, sizing), pumps (positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, power pump calculation), compressors, centrifugal separators and extractors, main electrical machines, Otto and Diesel internal combustion engines, refrigeration cycles.

Textbook Information

• Physics

  1. D. Halliday, R. Resnick, J. Walker "Fondamenti di Fisica" (2015) Casa Ed. Ambrosiana;
  2. Mazzoldi, Nigro, Voci: “Elementi di Fisica Vol. 1 – Meccanica e Termodinamica. Seconda edizione.” (EdiSES)
  Gli studenti sono liberi di utilizzare qualunque altro testo possa essere più conveniente per loro

• Mechanics and Machinery

  1. Anzalone G., Bassignana P., Brafa Musicoro G., Fondamenti di meccanica e macchine, Hoepli.

  2. Çengel Y., Termodinamica e trasmissione del calore, Mc GrawHill.

  3. Teaching material provided during lectures